Ibanga elingu-95% kulobu budala lisuka ku-3.41 liye ku-14.44 imijikelezo ngedigri. Izingane ngazinye zehluka kakhulu, futhi isibalo esishiwo ngaphandle kwalelo banga siyadukisa.
Umbala
Emzileni wobomvu noluhlaza okotshani, imodeli ibeka ukwehlukanisa imibala kulobu budala cishe ku-100% wenani lawo eliphelele, kanti emzileni woluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nophuzi cishe ku-100%. Yomibili imizila iyasebenza ezinyangeni ezimbalwa zokuqala — ukusho okuvamile ukuthi izingane azikwazi ukubona okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka izinyanga eziningi kunobufakazi obubuthakathaka kunalokho okuzwakala ngakho.
Kungani eminye imithombo inikeza isibalo esikhulu
Uma kukalwa ngokuqopha ukusabela kobuchopho kuphethini kunokuba kubukwe lapho ingane ibheka khona, ubudala obufanayo bunikeza cishe imijikelezo engu-19.0 ngedigri esikhundleni sengu-7.01 — umehluko ophindwe ka-2.7. Akukho neyodwa engalungile: ukusabela kobuchopho kulinganisela imininingwane edluliswa yiso nezingxenye zokuqala zobuchopho, kanti ukubuka lapho ingane ibheka khona kulinganisela lokho ingane esabela kukho ngendlela ebonakalayo. Le sayithi ibika lokho izingane ezikubukayo, ngoba yiwo umbuzo umzali awubuzayo.
Ukuzwa
Kulobu budala umsindo kumele ube mkhulu cishe ngo-9 dB kunalokho okudingayo wena ngaphambi kokuthi ingane iwusabele nhlobo. Umehluko uncipha usuka phezulu uya phansi: amafrikhwensi aphezulu asondela kwawabantu abadala onyakeni wokuqala, kanti amafrikhwensi aphansi athatha isikhathi kuze kufike iminyaka yesikole.
Okushiwo izibalo
Cishe 20/90 — ingane ibona imininingwane engaphansi izikhathi ezine nesigamu kunaleyo ebonwa emazingeni angu-20/20, futhi cishe yilapho isibalo esihlala khona unyaka wonke osele. Ubukhali bokubona obusezingeni labantu abadala busekude ngeminyaka, kuzo zonke izingane.
Ubukwazi lokhu?
U-20/20 akuwona umkhawulo ophezulu wokubona komuntu; usemaphakathi. Abantu abadala abaningi babona kangcono kuno-20/20, okungesinye sezizathu zokuthi umbuzo othi “ingane yami izobona njengami nini” ungenampendulo eyodwa.
Impendulo eyandisiwe
Phakathi kwezinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye neziyishumi nambili umugqa oshicilelwe ucishe ube yisicaba — umehluko kulezo zinyanga ezintathu mncane kunomehluko wanoma iyiphi inyanga eyodwa yekota yokuqala.
Okukhanga ingane manje
Kuhlelwe ngokwalokho lobu budala obukwenza kangcono ngempela: okugqamile, okuseduze nokunyakazayo. Akukho lutho lapha oluyinguquko enkulu, futhi akukho lutho oluyikho ukuhlolwa.
Izincwadi ezinemininingwane emincane
Imininingwane emincane kangaka isanda kufinyeleleka manje — ekuzalweni ibiyoba yibala nje elimpunga.
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Yomibili imizila yemibala isisebenza manje, ngakho umehluko oyiwo wodwa umbala — hhayi ukukhanya nobumnyama — uqala ukuba nomsebenzi.
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Imithombo
- Banks, M.S. & Salapatek, P. (1978). "Acuity and contrast sensitivity in 1-, 2-, and 3-month-old human infants." Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 17(4), 361–365.
Ubukhali bokubona obulinganiselwe ngenye indlela, kusukela lapho imisebenzi ephelele yokuzwela umehluko wokukhanya inqamuka khona, kanye nefrikhwensi ephansi kakhulu yamaphethini lapho ukuzwela umehluko wokukhanya kuphakeme khona ezinganeni ezisencane. - Banks, M.S. (1980). "The development of visual accommodation during early infancy." Child Development 51(3), 646–666.
Ukuthi iphutha elihlala likhona lokugxila kanye nomthambeka wokusabela kokugxilisa amehlo kuyathuthuka kuze kufike cishe izinyanga ezingu-3–4, nokuthi iphutha lokugxilisa amehlo alibunciphisi ngendlela ebalulekile ubukhali bokubona kwezingane. - Braddick, O., Atkinson, J., French, J. & Howland, H.C. (1979). "A photorefractive study of infant accommodation." Vision Research 19(12), 1319–1330.
Ukugxilisa amehlo ngendlela engaguquguquki lapho isidingo sokugxila siphansi, cishe ngo-1.3 D (cishe amasentimitha angu-75), okuvela phakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-3 nezingu-6. - Clavadetscher, J.E., Brown, A.M., Ankrum, C. & Teller, D.Y. (1988). "Spectral sensitivity and chromatic discriminations in 3- and 7-week-old human infants." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 5(12), 2093–2105.
Ukuthi zimbalwa izingane ezinamasonto angu-3 ezikhombisa ukwehlukanisa imibala ngokuqinisekile kanti iningi lezinamasonto angu-7 liyakwenza, kanye nokudlula kwemibala enobude bamagagasi obude emasontweni angu-3. - Haynes, H., White, B.L. & Held, R. (1965). "Visual accommodation in human infants." Science 148(3669), 528–530.
Ibanga eliphakathi lokugxila elingamasentimitha angu-19 ezinganeni ezisanda kuzalwa eziphapheme — umsuka wenkulumo ethi “izingane zibona amayintshi angu-8–12” (amasentimitha angu-20–30), esishiwo ukuze i-app ikwazi ukusho ukuthi yini iphepha elikusekelayo nokuthi yini elingayisekeli. - Held, R., Birch, E.E. & Gwiazda, J. (1980). "Stereoacuity of human infants." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 77(9), 5572–5574.
Ukuqala ngokuzumayo kwe-stereopsis phakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-3 nezingu-5 — okuchazwa ku-app futhi okungakaze kudwetshwe, ngoba isikrini esiyisicaba asikwazi ukukuveza. - Mohn, G. & van Hof-van Duin, J. (1986). "Development of the binocular and monocular visual fields of human infants during the first year of life." Clinical Vision Sciences 1(1), 51–64.
Ibanga lokubona elincane lengane esanda kuzalwa nokwanda kwalo phakathi nonyaka wokuqala — okuchazwa ku-app, okungadwetshwa ngamabomu njengendingilizi emnyama. - Neijzen, C.M., de Wit, F.M., et al. (2025). "Reference values for the Teller Acuity Cards II (TAC II) in infants and preverbal children, a meta-analysis." Acta Ophthalmologica. doi:10.1111/aos.17447.
Umugqa wobukhali bokubona ngamehlo omabili osuselwa kulokho ingane ekwenzayo, i-app ewudwebayo, nokungaqiniseki kwawo okushiwo okungu-0.16 kwamayunithi e-log10, okungashintshi nobudala. - Norcia, A.M. & Tyler, C.W. (1985). "Spatial frequency sweep VEP: visual acuity during the first year of life." Vision Research 25(10), 1399–1408.
Umugqa wobukhali bokubona osuselwa ekusabeleni kobuchopho (i-swept-VEP), obikwa eceleni kwalowo osuselwa kulokho ingane ekwenzayo njengomkhawulo ophezulu, nesibalo esiyisisekelo somuntu omdala esiyimijikelezo engu-24.3 ngedigri esakalwa kuwo lowo mshini. - Norcia, A.M., Tyler, C.W. & Hamer, R.D. (1990). "Development of contrast sensitivity in the human infant." Vision Research 30(10), 1475–1486.
Izinga eliphansi lomehluko wokukhanya kumaphethini amakhulu, lehla lisuka ku-7% emasontweni angu-2–3 liye ku-0.5% uma sekufike amasonto angu-9, kuqhathaniswa no-0.32–0.22% womuntu omdala, kanye nesimo sezigaba ezimbili sokukhula komehluko wokukhanya. - Peeples, D.R. & Teller, D.Y. (1975). "Color vision and brightness discrimination in two-month-old human infants." Science 189(4208), 1102–1103.
Ukwehlukanisa okubomvu nokumhlophe okwaqinisekiswa ezinganeni ezinezinyanga ezimbili. - Regal, D.M. (1981). "Development of critical flicker frequency in human infants." Vision Research 21(4), 549–555.
Ifrikhwensi ephansi lapho ukuphazima kuhlangana kube ukukhanya okungaguquki emasontweni okuqala, efinyelela emazingeni acishe abe awabantu abadala ngezinyanga — kuyachazwa, akudwetshwa. - Skelton, A.E., Maule, J. & Franklin, A. (2022). "Infant colour perception: Insight into perceptual development." Child Development Perspectives 16(2), 90–95.
Uhlu lwezikhathi lwalolu buyekezo olubeka ukuvela kokubona imibala phakathi kwamasonto angu-3 nezinyanga ezingu-3. - Varner, D., Cook, J.E., Schneck, M.E., McDonald, M. & Teller, D.Y. (1985). "Tritan discriminations by 1- and 2-month-old human infants." Vision Research 25(6), 821–831.
Ukwehlukanisa okubonakalayo kwemibala esebenzisa amaseli e-S (i-tritan) ezinyangeni ezingu-1 nezingu-2, okuyisona sizathu sokuthi i-app ingakwenzi kube yindaba enkulu ukungabikho kokubona okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nophuzi izinyanga eziningi. - ISO 226:2003, Acoustics — Normal equal-loudness-level contours; with Fastl, H. & Zwicker, E. (2007). Psychoacoustics: Facts and Models, 3rd ed. Springer (minimum audible field).
Umugqa oyisisekelo wezinga eliphansi kakhulu lomsindo ozwakalayo kumuntu omdala, lapho ukukhuphuka kwengane kwengezwa khona. - Olsho, L.W., Koch, E.G., Carter, E.A., Halpin, C.F. & Spetner, N.B. (1988). "Pure-tone sensitivity of human infants." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 84(4), 1316–1324.
Iqoqo eliyinhloko ledatha yamazinga aphansi okuzwa amathoni ahlanzekile, elisekela ushadi lokuzwa kwezingane. - Werner, L.A. (2002). "Infant auditory capabilities." Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery 10(5), 398–402.
Amazinga aphansi okuzwa asuselwa kulokho ingane ekwenzayo, angu-40–55 dB SPL enyangeni engu-1 ehlela ku-10–30 dB SPL ezinyangeni ezingu-6–12; izinga eliphansi lokuzwa ku-4 kHz elicishe libe ngu-10 dB kuphela ngaphezu kwelomuntu omdala ezinyangeni ezingu-6, kanti amafrikhwensi aphansi akhula kuze kube sebuntwaneni; nokuthi umsebenzi we-cochlea usuphelele ekuzalweni, ngakho ukukhuphuka kwalawo mazinga kuvela endlebeni ephakathi nasebuchosheni.
Lokhu akukona ukuhlolwa kwamehlo noma kokuzwa. Uma kukhona okukukhathazayo, khuluma nodokotela wezingane noma nodokotela wamehlo ezingane.
Lokhu kuyisilinganiso sokubona nokuzwa, hhayi ukwakhiwa kabusha kwalokho okubonwa yingane yakho. Izingane zangempela zehlukene kakhulu enye kwenye.