Ukubona kwengane ezinyangeni ezingu-2

Ibanga elingu-95% kulobu budala lisuka ku-0.71 liye ku-3.00 imijikelezo ngedigri. Izingane ngazinye zehluka kakhulu, futhi isibalo esishiwo ngaphandle kwalelo banga siyadukisa.

Umbala

Emzileni wobomvu noluhlaza okotshani, imodeli ibeka ukwehlukanisa imibala kulobu budala cishe ku-86% wenani lawo eliphelele, kanti emzileni woluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nophuzi cishe ku-62%. Yomibili imizila iyasebenza ezinyangeni ezimbalwa zokuqala — ukusho okuvamile ukuthi izingane azikwazi ukubona okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka izinyanga eziningi kunobufakazi obubuthakathaka kunalokho okuzwakala ngakho.

Kungani eminye imithombo inikeza isibalo esikhulu

Uma kukalwa ngokuqopha ukusabela kobuchopho kuphethini kunokuba kubukwe lapho ingane ibheka khona, ubudala obufanayo bunikeza cishe imijikelezo engu-5.8 ngedigri esikhundleni sengu-1.46 — umehluko ophindwe ka-4.0. Akukho neyodwa engalungile: ukusabela kobuchopho kulinganisela imininingwane edluliswa yiso nezingxenye zokuqala zobuchopho, kanti ukubuka lapho ingane ibheka khona kulinganisela lokho ingane esabela kukho ngendlela ebonakalayo. Le sayithi ibika lokho izingane ezikubukayo, ngoba yiwo umbuzo umzali awubuzayo.

Ukuzwa

Kulobu budala umsindo kumele ube mkhulu cishe ngo-32 dB kunalokho okudingayo wena ngaphambi kokuthi ingane iwusabele nhlobo. Umehluko uncipha usuka phezulu uya phansi: amafrikhwensi aphezulu asondela kwawabantu abadala onyakeni wokuqala, kanti amafrikhwensi aphansi athatha isikhathi kuze kufike iminyaka yesikole.

Impendulo eyandisiwe

Izinto ezimbili zifika zisondelene. Ukwehlukanisa imibala kuba ngokuqinisekile ezinganeni eziningi cishe emasontweni ayisikhombisa, kanti ukuzwela umehluko wokukhanya kumaphethini amakhulu kufinyelela ezingeni elicishe libe elomuntu omdala cishe emasontweni ayisishiyagalolunye. Ngemva kwale nyanga, cishe konke okuthuthukayo wukubona imininingwane emincane, hhayi ukubona izinto ezifiphele.

Izinguquko ezinkulu

Lawa ngamabanga avela ocwaningweni olushicilelwe, achaza izingane jikelele. Awalona uhlu lokumaka, futhi le app ayikaze iyihlole ingane yakho.

• Izinto ezifiphele ziyaqala ukubonakala — Phakathi kwamasonto acishe abe mane nayisishiyagalolunye, ukuzwela umehluko wokukhanya kwanda ngokuphindwe kane noma kahlanu kuwo wonke amaphethini ngasikhathi sinye. Ngemva kwamasonto ayisishiyagalolunye kuyayeka ukushintsha kumaphethini amakhulu. Okuningi okuthuthukayo unyaka wonke osele wukubona imininingwane emincane, hhayi ukubona izinto ezifiphele — okuphambene nalokho abantu abaningi abakulindele.
• Ukwehlukanisa imibala — Emasontweni amathathu zimbalwa izingane ezikwazi ngokuqinisekile ukwehlukanisa imibala emibili, futhi zenza kangcono uma omunye wayo usohlangothini olubomvu. Uma sekufike amasonto ayisikhombisa, iningi liyakwazi. Yomibili imizila — obomvu noluhlaza okotshani, kanye noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nophuzi — isebenza ezinyangeni ezimbalwa zokuqala. Umbono odumile wokuthi izingane azikwazi ukubona okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka izinyanga eziningi unobufakazi obubuthakathaka kunalokho okuzwakala ngakho.
• Imininingwane, iphindwe izikhathi eziningi — Ezinyangeni ezintathu zokuqala, iphethini elincane kakhulu ingane engalibona liphindwa cishe kane, kanti onyakeni wokuqala likhula cishe ngokuphindwe ka-14. Osukwini lokuzalwa lokuqala lisacishe libe yingxenye eyodwa kwezine yalelo lomuntu omdala, futhi liyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka iminyaka eminingi ngemva kwalokho.
• Umhlaba uyanda — Indawo ingane esabela ezintweni kuyo incane ekuzalweni bese yanda phakathi nengxenye yokuqala yonyaka. Le app iyayichaza kunokuba idwebe indingilizi emnyama ezungeze isithombe, ngoba indingilizi ibiyosho umphetho ocacile ukukalwa okungenawo.
• Ukuphazima okusheshayo kuyaqala ukubonakala — Emasontweni okuqala, ukukhanya kumele kuphazime kancane kakhulu ngaphambi kokuthi ingane ikubone kuphazima nhlobo — ukuphazima umuntu omdala asakubonayo enganeni kubukeka sekuwukukhanya okungaguquki. Lokhu kufinyelela emazingeni acishe abe awabantu abadala ezinyangeni ezimbalwa zokuqala. Kuchazwa lapha kunokuba kukhonjiswe, ngoba ukwehlisa isivinini sokubuka kwekhamera bekuyoma esikhundleni salokho lolu cwaningo olungakukalanga.

Imithombo

• Banks, M.S. & Salapatek, P. (1978). "Acuity and contrast sensitivity in 1-, 2-, and 3-month-old human infants." Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 17(4), 361–365.
  Ubukhali bokubona obulinganiselwe ngenye indlela, kusukela lapho imisebenzi ephelele yokuzwela umehluko wokukhanya inqamuka khona, kanye nefrikhwensi ephansi kakhulu yamaphethini lapho ukuzwela umehluko wokukhanya kuphakeme khona ezinganeni ezisencane.
• Banks, M.S. (1980). "The development of visual accommodation during early infancy." Child Development 51(3), 646–666.
  Ukuthi iphutha elihlala likhona lokugxila kanye nomthambeka wokusabela kokugxilisa amehlo kuyathuthuka kuze kufike cishe izinyanga ezingu-3–4, nokuthi iphutha lokugxilisa amehlo alibunciphisi ngendlela ebalulekile ubukhali bokubona kwezingane.
• Braddick, O., Atkinson, J., French, J. & Howland, H.C. (1979). "A photorefractive study of infant accommodation." Vision Research 19(12), 1319–1330.
  Ukugxilisa amehlo ngendlela engaguquguquki lapho isidingo sokugxila siphansi, cishe ngo-1.3 D (cishe amasentimitha angu-75), okuvela phakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-3 nezingu-6.
• Clavadetscher, J.E., Brown, A.M., Ankrum, C. & Teller, D.Y. (1988). "Spectral sensitivity and chromatic discriminations in 3- and 7-week-old human infants." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 5(12), 2093–2105.
  Ukuthi zimbalwa izingane ezinamasonto angu-3 ezikhombisa ukwehlukanisa imibala ngokuqinisekile kanti iningi lezinamasonto angu-7 liyakwenza, kanye nokudlula kwemibala enobude bamagagasi obude emasontweni angu-3.
• Haynes, H., White, B.L. & Held, R. (1965). "Visual accommodation in human infants." Science 148(3669), 528–530.
  Ibanga eliphakathi lokugxila elingamasentimitha angu-19 ezinganeni ezisanda kuzalwa eziphapheme — umsuka wenkulumo ethi “izingane zibona amayintshi angu-8–12” (amasentimitha angu-20–30), esishiwo ukuze i-app ikwazi ukusho ukuthi yini iphepha elikusekelayo nokuthi yini elingayisekeli.
• Held, R., Birch, E.E. & Gwiazda, J. (1980). "Stereoacuity of human infants." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 77(9), 5572–5574.
  Ukuqala ngokuzumayo kwe-stereopsis phakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-3 nezingu-5 — okuchazwa ku-app futhi okungakaze kudwetshwe, ngoba isikrini esiyisicaba asikwazi ukukuveza.
• Mohn, G. & van Hof-van Duin, J. (1986). "Development of the binocular and monocular visual fields of human infants during the first year of life." Clinical Vision Sciences 1(1), 51–64.
  Ibanga lokubona elincane lengane esanda kuzalwa nokwanda kwalo phakathi nonyaka wokuqala — okuchazwa ku-app, okungadwetshwa ngamabomu njengendingilizi emnyama.
• Neijzen, C.M., de Wit, F.M., et al. (2025). "Reference values for the Teller Acuity Cards II (TAC II) in infants and preverbal children, a meta-analysis." Acta Ophthalmologica. doi:10.1111/aos.17447.
  Umugqa wobukhali bokubona ngamehlo omabili osuselwa kulokho ingane ekwenzayo, i-app ewudwebayo, nokungaqiniseki kwawo okushiwo okungu-0.16 kwamayunithi e-log10, okungashintshi nobudala.
• Norcia, A.M. & Tyler, C.W. (1985). "Spatial frequency sweep VEP: visual acuity during the first year of life." Vision Research 25(10), 1399–1408.
  Umugqa wobukhali bokubona osuselwa ekusabeleni kobuchopho (i-swept-VEP), obikwa eceleni kwalowo osuselwa kulokho ingane ekwenzayo njengomkhawulo ophezulu, nesibalo esiyisisekelo somuntu omdala esiyimijikelezo engu-24.3 ngedigri esakalwa kuwo lowo mshini.
• Norcia, A.M., Tyler, C.W. & Hamer, R.D. (1990). "Development of contrast sensitivity in the human infant." Vision Research 30(10), 1475–1486.
  Izinga eliphansi lomehluko wokukhanya kumaphethini amakhulu, lehla lisuka ku-7% emasontweni angu-2–3 liye ku-0.5% uma sekufike amasonto angu-9, kuqhathaniswa no-0.32–0.22% womuntu omdala, kanye nesimo sezigaba ezimbili sokukhula komehluko wokukhanya.
• Peeples, D.R. & Teller, D.Y. (1975). "Color vision and brightness discrimination in two-month-old human infants." Science 189(4208), 1102–1103.
  Ukwehlukanisa okubomvu nokumhlophe okwaqinisekiswa ezinganeni ezinezinyanga ezimbili.
• Regal, D.M. (1981). "Development of critical flicker frequency in human infants." Vision Research 21(4), 549–555.
  Ifrikhwensi ephansi lapho ukuphazima kuhlangana kube ukukhanya okungaguquki emasontweni okuqala, efinyelela emazingeni acishe abe awabantu abadala ngezinyanga — kuyachazwa, akudwetshwa.
• Skelton, A.E., Maule, J. & Franklin, A. (2022). "Infant colour perception: Insight into perceptual development." Child Development Perspectives 16(2), 90–95.
  Uhlu lwezikhathi lwalolu buyekezo olubeka ukuvela kokubona imibala phakathi kwamasonto angu-3 nezinyanga ezingu-3.
• Varner, D., Cook, J.E., Schneck, M.E., McDonald, M. & Teller, D.Y. (1985). "Tritan discriminations by 1- and 2-month-old human infants." Vision Research 25(6), 821–831.
  Ukwehlukanisa okubonakalayo kwemibala esebenzisa amaseli e-S (i-tritan) ezinyangeni ezingu-1 nezingu-2, okuyisona sizathu sokuthi i-app ingakwenzi kube yindaba enkulu ukungabikho kokubona okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nophuzi izinyanga eziningi.
• ISO 226:2003, Acoustics — Normal equal-loudness-level contours; with Fastl, H. & Zwicker, E. (2007). Psychoacoustics: Facts and Models, 3rd ed. Springer (minimum audible field).
  Umugqa oyisisekelo wezinga eliphansi kakhulu lomsindo ozwakalayo kumuntu omdala, lapho ukukhuphuka kwengane kwengezwa khona.
• Olsho, L.W., Koch, E.G., Carter, E.A., Halpin, C.F. & Spetner, N.B. (1988). "Pure-tone sensitivity of human infants." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 84(4), 1316–1324.
  Iqoqo eliyinhloko ledatha yamazinga aphansi okuzwa amathoni ahlanzekile, elisekela ushadi lokuzwa kwezingane.
• Werner, L.A. (2002). "Infant auditory capabilities." Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery 10(5), 398–402.
  Amazinga aphansi okuzwa asuselwa kulokho ingane ekwenzayo, angu-40–55 dB SPL enyangeni engu-1 ehlela ku-10–30 dB SPL ezinyangeni ezingu-6–12; izinga eliphansi lokuzwa ku-4 kHz elicishe libe ngu-10 dB kuphela ngaphezu kwelomuntu omdala ezinyangeni ezingu-6, kanti amafrikhwensi aphansi akhula kuze kube sebuntwaneni; nokuthi umsebenzi we-cochlea usuphelele ekuzalweni, ngakho ukukhuphuka kwalawo mazinga kuvela endlebeni ephakathi nasebuchosheni.

Lokhu akukona ukuhlolwa kwamehlo noma kokuzwa. Uma kukhona okukukhathazayo, khuluma nodokotela wezingane noma nodokotela wamehlo ezingane.

Lokhu kuyisilinganiso sokubona nokuzwa, hhayi ukwakhiwa kabusha kwalokho okubonwa yingane yakho. Izingane zangempela zehlukene kakhulu enye kwenye.

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